In order to bring you the best possible user experience, this site uses Javascript. If you are seeing this message, it is likely that the Javascript option in your browser is disabled. For optimal viewing of this site, please ensure that Javascript is enabled for your browser.
Did you know that your browser is out of date? To get the best experience using our website we recommend that you upgrade to a newer version. Learn more.

References

Please find below a list of references from the 2021 ESC Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention which are cited in the HeartScore webpages as well as in the HeartScore tool. 

Main publications:

SCORE2 risk prediction algorithms: new models to estimate 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in Europe
SCORE2 working group and ESC Cardiovascular risk collaboration
European Heart Journal, ehab309, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab309
Published: 13 June 2021

SCORE2-OP risk prediction algorithms: estimating incident cardiovascular event risk in older persons in four geographical risk regions
SCORE2-OP working group and ESC Cardiovascular risk collaboration
European Heart Journal, ehab312, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab312
Published: 13 June 2021

2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: Developed by the Task Force for cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice with representatives of the European Society of Cardiology and 12 medical societies With the special contribution of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC)
European Heart Journal, Volume 42, Issue 34, 7 September 2021, Pages 3227–3337, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484
Published: 30 August 2021

Additional references:

(81) Kaasenbrood L, Boekholdt SM, van der Graaf Y, Ray KK, Peters RJ, Kastelein JJ,
Amarenco P, LaRosa JC, Cramer MJ, Westerink J, Kappelle LJ, de Borst GJ,
Visseren FL. Distribution of Estimated 10-Year Risk of Recurrent Vascular Events
and Residual Risk in a Secondary Prevention Population. Circulation
2016;134:1419-1429. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.021314

(82) De Bacquer D, Ueda P, Reiner Z, De Sutter J, De Smedt D, Lovic D, Gotcheva
N, Fras Z, Pogosova N, Mirrakhimov E, Lehto S, Jernberg T, Kotseva K, Ryden L,
Wood D, EUROASPIRE IV and V National Coordinators. Prediction of recurrent
event in patients with coronary heart disease: the EUROASPIRE Risk Model. Eur
J Prev Cardiol 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa128

(105) Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Brindle P. Development and validation of QRISK3
risk prediction algorithms to estimate future risk of cardiovascular disease: pro-
spective cohort study. BMJ 2017;357:j2099. https://www.bmj.com/content/357/bmj.j2099

(371) Kraus WE, Powell KE, Haskell WL, Janz KF, Campbell WW, Jakicic JM, Troiano RP, Sprow K, Torres A, Piercy KL, 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. Physical Activity, All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality, and Cardiovascular Disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019;51:1270–1281. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001939

(372) Powell KE, King AC, Buchner DM, Campbell WW, DiPietro L, Erickson KI, Hillman CH, Jakicic JM, Janz KF, Katzmarzyk PT, Kraus WE, Macko RF, Marquez DX, McTiernan A, Pate RR, Pescatello LS, Whitt-Glover MC. The Scientific Foundation for the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd Edition. J Phys Act Health 2018:1–11. https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/jpah/16/1/article-p1.xml 

(373) Sattelmair J, Pertman J, Ding EL, Kohl HW3rd, Haskell W, Lee IM. Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation 2011;124:789–795. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.010710

(374) Hupin D, Roche F, Gremeaux V, Chatard JC, Oriol M, Gaspoz JM, Barthelemy JC, Edouard P. Even a low-dose of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity reduces mortality by 22% in adults aged >/=60 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2015;49:1262–1267. https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/49/19/1262.long

(375) Ekelund U, Tarp J, Steene-Johannessen J, Hansen BH, Jefferis B, Fagerland MW, Whincup P, Diaz KM, Hooker SP, Chernofsky A, Larson MG, Spartano N, Vasan RS, Dohrn IM, Hagstromer M, Edwardson C, Yates T, Shiroma E, Anderssen SA, Lee IM. Dose-response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis. BMJ 2019;366:l4570. https://www.bmj.com/content/366/bmj.l4570.long

(376) Patterson R, McNamara E, Tainio M, de Sa TH, Smith AD, Sharp SJ, Edwards P, Woodcock J, Brage S, Wijndaele K. Sedentary behaviour and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose response meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol 2018;33:811–829. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-018-0380-1

(377) Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, Bajaj RR, Silver MA, Mitchell MS, Alter DA. Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2015;162:123–132. https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M14-1651

(378) Liu Y, Lee DC, Li Y, Zhu W, Zhang R, Sui X, Lavie CJ, Blair SN. Associations of Resistance Exercise with Cardiovascular Disease Morbidity and Mortality. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019;51:499–508. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001822

(379) Saeidifard F, Medina-Inojosa JR, West CP, Olson TP, Somers VK, Bonikowske AR, Prokop LJ, Vinciguerra M, Lopez-Jimenez F. The association of resistance training with mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019;26:1647–1665
https://academic.oup.com/eurjpc/article-lookup/doi/10.1177/2047487319850718

(380) Cradock KA, OL G, Finucane FM, Gainforth HL, Quinlan LR, Ginis KA. Behaviour change techniques targeting both diet and physical activity in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017;14:18.
https://ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12966-016-0436-0

(381) Howlett N, Trivedi D, Troop NA, Chater AM. Are physical activity interventions for healthy inactive adults effective in promoting behavior change and maintenance, and which behavior change techniques are effective? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Behav Med 2019;9:147–157
https://academic.oup.com/tbm/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/tbm/iby010

(382) Brickwood KJ, Watson G, O'Brien J, Williams AD. Consumer-Based Wearable Activity Trackers Increase Physical Activity Participation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019;7:e11819. https://mhealth.jmir.org/2019/4/e11819/

(403) Sofi F, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A. Accruing evidence on benefits of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on health: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:1189–1196. https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-lookup/doi/10.3945/ajcn.2010.29673

(404) Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J, Covas MI, Corella D, Aros F, Gomez-Gracia E, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Fiol M, Lapetra J, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Serra-Majem L, Pinto X, Basora J, Munoz MA, Sorli JV, Martinez JA, Fito M, Gea A, Hernan MA, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, PREDIMED Study Investigators. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts. N Engl J Med 2018;378:e34. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1800389

(405) Mensink RP. Effects of saturated fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins: a systematic review and regression analysis https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/246104/9789241565349-eng.pdf?sequence=1 (21 July 2020).

(406) Guasch-Ferre M, Satija A, Blondin SA, Janiszewski M, Emlen E, O'Connor LE, Campbell WW, Hu FB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ. Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Red Meat Consumption in Comparison With Various Comparison Diets on Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Circulation 2019;139:1828–1845
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035225

(407) Chen M, Li Y, Sun Q, Pan A, Manson JE, Rexrode KM, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Hu FB. Dairy fat and risk of cardiovascular disease in 3 cohorts of US adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2016;104:1209–1217.
https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-lookup/doi/10.3945/ajcn.116.134460

(408) Li Y, Hruby A, Bernstein AM, Ley SH, Wang DD, Chiuve SE, Sampson L, Rexrode KM, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB. Saturated Fats Compared With Unsaturated Fats and Sources of Carbohydrates in Relation to Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;66:1538–1548. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/26429077/

(409) Sacks FM, Lichtenstein AH, Wu JHY, Appel LJ, Creager MA, Kris-Etherton PM, Miller M, Rimm EB, Rudel LL, Robinson JG, Stone NJ, Van Horn LV, American Heart Association. Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2017;136:e1–e23. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510

(410) He FJ, Tan M, Ma Y, MacGregor GA. Salt Reduction to Prevent Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;75:632–647. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-1097(19)38692-9

(411) Willett W, Rockstrom J, Loken B, Springmann M, Lang T, Vermeulen S, Garnett T, Tilman D, DeClerck F, Wood A, Jonell M, Clark M, Gordon LJ, Fanzo J, Hawkes C, Zurayk R, Rivera JA, De Vries W, Majele Sibanda L, Afshin A, Chaudhary A, Herrero M, Agustina R, Branca F, Lartey A, Fan S, Crona B, Fox E, Bignet V, Troell M, Lindahl T, Singh S, Cornell SE, Srinath Reddy K, Narain S, Nishtar S, Murray CJL. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet 2019;393:447–492. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(18)31788-4

(412) World Health Organization. A healthy diet sustainably produced. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/278948/WHO-NMH-NHD-18.12-eng.pdf?ua=1 (21 July 2020).

(413) Wood AM, Kaptoge S, Butterworth AS, Willeit P, Warnakula S, Bolton T, Paige E, Paul DS, Sweeting M, Burgess S, Bell S, Astle W, Stevens D, Koulman A, Selmer RM, Verschuren WMM, Sato S, Njolstad I, Woodward M, Salomaa V, Nordestgaard BG, Yeap BB, Fletcher A, Melander O, Kuller LH, Balkau B, Marmot M, Koenig W, Casiglia E, Cooper C, Arndt V, Franco OH, Wennberg P, Gallacher J, de la Camara AG, Volzke H, Dahm CC, Dale CE, Bergmann MM, Crespo CJ, van der Schouw YT, Kaaks R, Simons LA, Lagiou P, Schoufour JD, Boer JMA, Key TJ, Rodriguez B, Moreno-Iribas C, Davidson KW, Taylor JO, Sacerdote C, Wallace RB, Quiros JR, Tumino R, Blazer DG2nd, Linneberg A, Daimon M, Panico S, Howard B, Skeie G, Strandberg T, Weiderpass E, Nietert PJ, Psaty BM, Kromhout D, Salamanca-Fernandez E, Kiechl S, Krumholz HM, Grioni S, Palli D, Huerta JM, Price J, Sundstrom J, Arriola L, Arima H, Travis RC, Panagiotakos DB, Karakatsani A, Trichopoulou A, Kuhn T, Grobbee DE, Barrett-Connor E, van Schoor N, Boeing H, Overvad K, Kauhanen J, Wareham N, Langenberg C, Forouhi N, Wennberg M, Despres JP, Cushman M, Cooper JA, Rodriguez CJ, Sakurai M, Shaw JE, Knuiman M, Voortman T, Meisinger C, Tjonneland A, Brenner H, Palmieri L, Dallongeville J, Brunner EJ, Assmann G, Trevisan M, Gillum RF, Ford I, Sattar N, Lazo M, Thompson SG, Ferrari P, Leon DA, Smith GD, Peto R, Jackson R, Banks E, Di Angelantonio E, Danesh J, Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration/EPIC-CVD/UK Biobank Alcohol Study Group. Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies. Lancet 2018;391:1513–1523. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(18)30134-X

(414) Millwood IY, Walters RG, Mei XW, Guo Y, Yang L, Bian Z, Bennett DA, Chen Y, Dong C, Hu R, Zhou G, Yu B, Jia W, Parish S, Clarke R, Davey Smith G, Collins R, Holmes MV, Li L, Peto R, Chen Z, China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group. Conventional and genetic evidence on alcohol and vascular disease aetiology: a prospective study of 500 000 men and women in China. Lancet 2019;393:1831–1842.
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(18)31772-0

(415) Holmes MV, Dale CE, Zuccolo L, Silverwood RJ, Guo Y, Ye Z, Prieto-Merino D, Dehghan A, Trompet S, Wong A, Cavadino A, Drogan D, Padmanabhan S, Li S, Yesupriya A, Leusink M, Sundstrom J, Hubacek JA, Pikhart H, Swerdlow DI, Panayiotou AG, Borinskaya SA, Finan C, Shah S, Kuchenbaecker KB, Shah T, Engmann J, Folkersen L, Eriksson P, Ricceri F, Melander O, Sacerdote C, Gamble DM, Rayaprolu S, Ross OA, McLachlan S, Vikhireva O, Sluijs I, Scott RA, Adamkova V, Flicker L, Bockxmeer FM, Power C, Marques-Vidal P, Meade T, Marmot MG, Ferro JM, Paulos-Pinheiro S, Humphries SE, Talmud PJ, Mateo Leach I, Verweij N, Linneberg A, Skaaby T, Doevendans PA, Cramer MJ, van der Harst P, Klungel OH, Dowling NF, Dominiczak AF, Kumari M, Nicolaides AN, Weikert C, Boeing H, Ebrahim S, Gaunt TR, Price JF, Lannfelt L, Peasey A, Kubinova R, Pajak A, Malyutina S, Voevoda MI, Tamosiunas A, Maitland-van der Zee AH, Norman PE, Hankey GJ, Bergmann MM, Hofman A, Franco OH, Cooper J, Palmen J, Spiering W, de Jong PA, Kuh D, Hardy R, Uitterlinden AG, Ikram MA, Ford I, Hypponen E, Almeida OP, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT, Hamsten A, Husemoen LL, Tjonneland A, Tolstrup JS, Rimm E, Beulens JW, Verschuren WM, Onland-Moret NC, Hofker MH, Wannamethee SG, Whincup PH, Morris R, Vicente AM, Watkins H, Farrall M, Jukema JW, Meschia J, Cupples LA, Sharp SJ, Fornage M, Kooperberg C, LaCroix AZ, Dai JY, Lanktree MB, Siscovick DS, Jorgenson E, Spring B, Coresh J, Li YR, Buxbaum SG, Schreiner PJ, Ellison RC, Tsai MY, Patel SR, Redline S, Johnson AD, Hoogeveen RC, Hakonarson H, Rotter JI, Boerwinkle E, de Bakker PI, Kivimaki M, Asselbergs FW, Sattar N, Lawlor DA, Whittaker J, Davey Smith G, Mukamal K, Psaty BM, Wilson JG, Lange LA, Hamidovic A, Hingorani AD, Nordestgaard BG, Bobak M, Leon DA, Langenberg C, Palmer TM, Reiner AP, Keating BJ, Dudbridge F, Casas JP, InterAct Consortium. Association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease: Mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant data. BMJ 2014;349:g4164. http://www.bmj.com/lookup/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=25011450

(416) Zeraatkar D, Johnston BC, Bartoszko J, Cheung K, Bala MM, Valli C, Rabassa M, Sit D, Milio K, Sadeghirad B, Agarwal A, Zea AM, Lee Y, Han MA, Vernooij RWM, Alonso-Coello P, Guyatt GH, El Dib R. Effect of Lower Versus Higher Red Meat Intake on Cardiometabolic and Cancer Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials. Ann Intern Med 2019;171:721–731. https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/abs/10.7326/M19-0622

(417) Zhong VW, Van Horn L, Greenland P, Carnethon MR, Ning H, Wilkins JT, Lloyd-Jones DM, Allen NB. Associations of Processed Meat, Unprocessed Red Meat, Poultry, or Fish Intake With Incident Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality. JAMA Intern Med 2020;180:503–512. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.6969(

(418) Zheng J, Huang T, Yu Y, Hu X, Yang B, Li D. Fish consumption and CHD mortality: an updated meta-analysis of seventeen cohort studies. Public Health Nutr 2012;15:725–737 https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1368980011002254/type/journal_article

(419) Mullee A, Romaguera D, Pearson-Stuttard J, Viallon V, Stepien M, Freisling H, Fagherazzi G, Mancini FR, Boutron-Ruault MC, Kuhn T, Kaaks R, Boeing H, Aleksandrova K, Tjonneland A, Halkjaer J, Overvad K, Weiderpass E, Skeie G, Parr CL, Quiros JR, Agudo A, Sanchez MJ, Amiano P, Cirera L, Ardanaz E, Khaw KT, Tong TYN, Schmidt JA, Trichopoulou A, Martimianaki G, Karakatsani A, Palli D, Agnoli C, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Panico S, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Verschuren WMM, Boer JMA, Vermeulen R, Ramne S, Sonestedt E, van Guelpen B, Holgersson PL, Tsilidis KK, Heath AK, Muller D, Riboli E, Gunter MJ, Murphy N. Association Between Soft Drink Consumption and Mortality in 10 European Countries. JAMA Intern Med 2019;179:1479–1490. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2478

(420) World Health Organization. Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549028 (21 July 2020).

(487) Critchley JA, Capewell S. Mortality risk reduction associated with smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: a systematic review. JAMA 2003;290:86–97.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.290.1.86

(488) Anthonisen NR, Skeans MA, Wise RA, Manfreda J, Kanner RE, Connett JE, Lung Health Study Research Group. The effects of a smoking cessation intervention on 14.5-year mortality: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:233–239.
https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/abs/10.7326/0003-4819-142-4-200502150-00005

(489) Hartmann-Boyce J, Chepkin SC, Ye W, Bullen C, Lancaster T. Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;5:CD000146. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub5/full
 
(490) Hughes JR, Stead LF, Lancaster T. Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007:CD000031. https://europepmc.org/article/med/10796472
 
(491) Cahill K, Lindson-Hawley N, Thomas KH, Fanshawe TR, Lancaster T. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016:CD006103. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006103.pub7/full

(492) Lindson N, Chepkin SC, Ye W, Fanshawe TR, Bullen C, Hartmann-Boyce J. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019;4:CD013308. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013308

(493) Woolf KJ, Zabad MN, Post JM, McNitt S, Williams GC, Bisognano JD. Effect of nicotine replacement therapy on cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol 2012;110:968–970. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9149(12)01429-4

(494) Suissa K, Lariviere J, Eisenberg MJ, Eberg M, Gore GC, Grad R, Joseph L, Reynier PM, Filion KB. Efficacy and Safety of Smoking Cessation Interventions in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2017;10:e002458. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.115.002458

(495) Hu Y, Zong G, Liu G, Wang M, Rosner B, Pan A, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hu FB, Sun Q. Smoking Cessation, Weight Change, Type 2 Diabetes, and Mortality. N Engl J Med 2018;379:623–632. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1803626

(538) Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of statin
therapy in older people: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28
randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2019;393:407-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31942-1

(539) Gencer B, Marston NA, Im K, Cannon CP, Sever P, Keech A, Braunwald E,
Giugliano RP, Sabatine MS. Efficacy and safety of lowering LDL cholesterol in
older patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled
trials. Lancet 2020;396:1637-1643. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32332-1

(552) Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, Anderson SG, Callender T, Emberson J,
Chalmers J, Rodgers A, Rahimi K. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of
cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet
2016;387:957-967. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01225-8

(554) Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure lowering on
outcome incidence in hypertension. 1. Overview, meta-analyses, and meta-
regression analyses of randomized trials. J Hypertens 2014;32:2285-2295. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000378

(557) Williamson JD, Supiano MA, Applegate WB, Berlowitz DR, Campbell RC,
Chertow GM, Fine LJ, Haley WE, Hawfield AT, Ix JH, Kitzman DW, Kostis JB,
Krousel-Wood MA, Launer LJ, Oparil S, Rodriguez CJ, Roumie CL, Shorr RI,
Sink KM, Wadley VG, Whelton PK, Whittle J, Woolard NF, Wright JT, Jr.,
Pajewski NM, SPRINT Research Group. Intensive vs Standard Blood Pressure
Control and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes in Adults Aged >/=75 Years: A
Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2016;315:2673-2682. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.7050

(580) Huang CJ, Chiang CE, Williams B, Kario K, Sung SH, Chen CH, Wang TD,
Cheng HM. Effect Modification by Age on the Benefit or Harm of
Antihypertensive Treatment for Elderly Hypertensives: A Systematic Review
and Meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens 2019;32:163-174. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpy169